Several species of mammals are suspected to act as a natural reservoir of the virus. Estimates of the risk of death vary from 1% to 10%, although few deaths as a consequence of monkeypox have been recorded since 2017. The illness is usually mild and most of those infected will recover within a few weeks without treatment. Antiviral drugs, cidofovir and tecovirimat, vaccinia immune globulin and the smallpox vaccine may be used during outbreaks. Other measures include regular hand washing and avoiding sick people and animals. A newer smallpox and monkeypox vaccine based on modified vaccinia Ankara has been approved, but with limited availability. A study in 1988 found that the smallpox vaccine was around 85% protective in preventing infection in close contacts and in lessening the severity of the disease. Diagnosis can be confirmed by testing a lesion for the virus's DNA. People can spread the virus from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and fallen off with some evidence of spread for more than a week after lesions have crusted. Human-to-human transmission can occur through exposure to infected body fluids or contaminated objects, by small droplets, and possibly through the airborne route. It may spread from infected animals by handling infected meat or via bites or scratches. Of the two types in humans, clade II (formerly West African clade) causes a less severe disease than the Central African (Congo basin) type. The variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is also in this genus. The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus. Cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women or people with suppressed immune systems. The classic presentation of fever and muscle pains, followed by swollen glands, with lesions all at the same stage, has not been found to be common to all outbreaks. There may be mild symptoms, and it may occur without any symptoms being known. The duration of symptoms is typically two to four weeks. The time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from five to twenty-one days. Symptoms include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over. Monkeypox is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and some other animals. Up to 3.6% (clade II), up to 10.6% (clade I, untreated) Supportive, antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin Smallpox vaccine, hand washing, covering rash, PPE, keeping away from sick people Secondary infections, eye infection, visual loss, scarring, encephalitis, sepsis, bronchopneumonia Ĭentral African (Congo Basin), West African Monkeypox rash on arm and leg of a four-year-old girl in 1971įever, headache, muscle pains, shivering, blistering rash, swollen lymph nodes
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